A UCLA-led team combined MRI data from 1,389 people with PTSD or major depression and 2,322 healthy controls across eight countries, for 3,711 participants, and used questionnaires to retrospectively assess physical, emotional and sexual abuse plus neglect. More severe abuse was associated with unusually larger thalamus and pallidum volumes, a smaller isthmus cingulate region and larger medial orbitofrontal surface area, with stronger patterns among young women. Neglect showed narrower, sex-specific patterns. The study is large and international but remains associative and relies on retrospective self-report; it cannot prove abuse caused the differences or infer an individual's cognitive, emotional or developmental ability from a scan.